Ashley Carman | The Verge The Verge is about technology and how it makes us feel. Founded in 2011, we offer our audience everything from breaking news to reviews to award-winning features and investigations, on our site, in video, and in podcasts. 2024-08-21T18:20:36+00:00 https://www.theverge.com/authors/ashley-carman/rss https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/verge-rss-large_80b47e.png?w=150&h=150&crop=1 Barbara Krasnoff Ashley Carman <![CDATA[How to freeze your credit after a data breach]]> https://www.theverge.com/24224789/data-breach-freeze-report-security-how-to 2024-08-21T14:20:36-04:00 2024-08-21T14:20:36-04:00

Back in 2017, Equifax announced that hackers stole half of the US population’s Social Security numbers in what, we said, “will likely end up being one of the worst data breaches to ever affect the country.” Perhaps — until this year, when about 2.9 billion rows of data were collected through a breach at National Public Data (NPD), a company that resells collected personal data for background checks. This data included names, Social Security numbers, and other personal information.

As usual, when this sort of thing hits the news, our immediate reaction is to wonder what we can do to prevent ourselves from falling prey to identity theft, unauthorized withdrawals, false credit applications, and other nasty consequences. And, also, as usual, the information from the breached organization — and from most news organizations — is often vague and unsatisfactory.

How do I know if my data was stolen from National Public Data?

Unfortunately, at the time this story was written, National Public Data was not providing a lot of information about whose data was stolen. There are a couple of websites out there (specifically, npdbreach.com, from Atlas Privacy, and npd.pentester.com) that say they can tell you, but since they ask you to enter data such as your birth year, it’s up to you whether you want to trust them or not.

Many companies that have suffered a breach eventually offer the services of a security firm that will monitor your account for a period of time; but so far, the only thing NPD is doing is recommending that you monitor your accounts, get a free credit report, and initiate a credit freeze.

What’s a credit freeze?

A credit freeze prevents creditors from viewing your credit file. Whenever you apply for a credit card, loan, mortgage, or even just to rent an apartment, the bank or landlord evaluates your credit and the risk of approving you. A freeze blocks them from retrieving your credit information, thereby preventing an attacker from taking out new credit in your name. 

How do I place a freeze?

The good news is that placing a credit freeze is free, and will last until you decide to remove it. The bad news is that you’ll have to reach out to each credit reporting company independently. There are three main companies in the US: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.

Here are the contact numbers for each company, as well as links to their freeze landing pages.

Does this mean I won’t be able to rent an apartment, take out a new credit card, or get a loan?

No, you’ll just have to temporarily lift your freeze, and the approval process might be slightly delayed. If you can find out which credit reporting company your potential landlord or bank uses, you can lift it only for that company. This won’t affect your credit score, and it won’t prevent you from receiving a credit report. You can also keep using your same credit cards, although if you think they might have been compromised, you should get new ones.

Web page from National Public Data with Security Incident in large letters at top

Couldn’t an attacker lift my freeze and open a new line of credit?

In order to lift a freeze, you need either an account with the credit bureau, a password, or a PIN (depending on the credit bureau). Each bureau puts in several safeguards to make sure only the owner of the account can change it.

When should I put this freeze on my account?

You’re probably here because you’re worried your data has been compromised. You should try to do this as soon as possible. Even if you’ve happened here by accident, you might consider putting this freeze on your accounts as a safety precaution because there’s no telling whether your data is out there. And once you request a freeze online, it is required to take effect within one business day.

When should I unfreeze my credit?

It’s fairly easy to lift your freeze in the event that you want to open a new credit card or rent a new apartment (or do anything else involving your credit). And every company must lift your freeze within one hour of it being requested online. Still, it won’t hurt to give your creditor a heads-up, just in case.

Is there anything else I can do?

There are several other steps you can take:

  • Keep a watch on your savings and checking accounts, credit card statements, and any other financial accounts, and immediately chase down any expenses or withdrawals that you don’t recognize — even small ones. Fraudsters will sometimes test to see if you actually read your statements by charging or withdrawing small amounts and, if you don’t report it, will then follow up with larger thefts.
  • You are entitled to a free credit report once a week. These reports contain information on loans, bill payments, debts, and other financial dealings that have occurred, and so will let you know if anything has happened that you may not have authorized. There is actually a single place you can go to obtain a credit report from all three agencies, AnnualCreditReport.com, which will then move you to each agency you want a report from.
  • You can set up a fraud alert, which means a business must verify your identity before extending new credit. If you set up a fraud alert at one of the three credit bureaus, it will contact the other two so they can set one up as well. The fraud alert lasts a year, after which you can renew it. (If you’re a victim of identity theft, it will last seven years.)
  • It’s a good idea to set up two-factor authentication on your online accounts, especially those involving money (like bank accounts or credit cards), using an authentication app.

Correction, August 21st: An earlier version of this article stated that a credit freeze will last one year. That actually applies to a fraud alert; a credit freeze will last indefinitely.

Update, August 21st, 2024: This article was originally published in September 2017 and has been updated to reflect considerable changes in credit freezes, reports, and the latest data breach.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[How SiriusXM bought and bungled a beloved podcast network]]> https://www.theverge.com/22989201/siriusxm-podcasts-earwolf-stitcher-acquisition-hosts-employees-leaving 2022-03-22T09:30:00-04:00 2022-03-22T09:30:00-04:00

Paul Scheer says the pitch was simple. It was 12 years ago, and the founders of Earwolf wanted him to make a podcast: “We’re gonna make these shows,” he recalls them saying, “and you can do whatever you want.”

His show How Did This Get Made? recorded in a “band rehearsal space in the middle of Hollywood,” and there was no talk of ads. “It was very, very lo-fi,” Scheer says. “The idea of selling ads wasn’t even a thing. There was nobody making big deals in podcasting.”

Hearing people describe the heyday of Earwolf, the comedy podcast network, you can understand how it so quickly developed a roster of talented comics, from the Sklar Brothers and Harris Wittels to Brett Gelman and Jimmy Pardo. Comedians roamed the halls of Earwolf’s office, and everyone seemed to be having a good time making the shows they wanted to make.

“My day was always better for having passed through the Earwolf studios.”

“It was never like, ‘Wow, there’s Tom Cruise’ — it was Paul F. Tompkins or people from the LA creative world who were just always fun to bump into,” says Dave Holmes, the host of former Earwolf show Homophilia. “My day was always better for having passed through the Earwolf studios, whether it’s hosting or guesting, whatever.”

A wall of Vans sneakers painted with the faces of Earwolf hosts greeted visitors, suggesting this was a place that not only cared about showing off its podcast roster but also nurturing an audience of fans passionate enough to celebrate them. Early producers, hosts, and editors often came to the company already loving Earwolf shows, and the network became home to a tight community built around a shared passion for podcasting and comedy, former employees tell me. 

The company did, of course, have business motivations, too. Early hosts read ads for brands like LegalZoom and Stamps.com, and the team also solicited fan donations and sold merch. Key to how the industry worked back then, though, one former employee says, is that flagship shows, like Comedy Bang! Bang!, could help bring in advertisers to support the small- to medium-sized podcasts that made up the network.

“It wasn’t supposed to be the biggest podcast in the world, and that’s what’s great — or what was great — about Earwolf at the time. They were good at cultivating those medium-sized shows, the shows that had, in comparison to Joe Rogan, a small audience but [an] audience [that] will be committed and consistent and vocal and loyal,” Holmes adds about the network when he joined in 2017. “At the time, that was enough.”

The move encapsulates the current podcasting moment: big companies spending huge sums in search of audio success

The network, formed in 2010 by Jeff Ullrich and Comedy Bang! Bang! founder Scott Aukerman, represents an original podcast institution, but in the years since its launch, the industry and company have changed alongside each other. 

Earwolf is no longer a solo entity. It combined with The Mid Roll in 2014 to form Midroll Media, and E.W. Scripps, a conglomerate of local TV channels, bought them the following year. Scripps then bought Stitcher in 2016, ultimately combining the three assets together under the Stitcher name. Then, in 2020, SiriusXM bought all three brands in a deal worth up to $325 million. The move encapsulates the current podcasting moment: big tech companies spending huge sums in search of audio success. They all do so out of necessity — innovate or die.

Spotify, for example, can’t run a platform wholly dependent on record labels and royalties. It needs podcasts to diversify its revenue. While SiriusXM, a satellite radio subscription business, can’t bank on its customers, particularly the younger generation, wanting to listen to anything other than their phone apps in the car. That’s why it invested $75 million in SoundCloud in 2020 and bought Pandora for around $3.5 billion in 2018, all in a move to capture digital listeners’ attention.

Since the sale, many shows and employees have left the network

In both SiriusXM’s and Spotify’s case, small podcast networks offered advantages they didn’t already have: expertise in on-demand audio and storytelling, a devout fanbase, and an arsenal of quality programming. For the smaller networks, like Earwolf and its parent, Stitcher, being acquired by a giant had perks, too. It gave them access to deeper pockets that could make them more competitive when trying to retain hit shows or recruit new stars. 

But according to 13 former corporate employees across Stitcher who spoke with The Verge anonymously because of nondisclosure agreements and fear of retaliation, the merger was marked by confusion, culture clash, and shifting objectives. Around 145 people worked at Stitcher when it was bought, and since then, more than a quarter of them have left, The Verge found through LinkedIn. This includes the prominent departures of CEO Erik Diehn, CRO Sarah van Mosel, CFO David Murray, and CTO Peter deVroede, among others. Many shows have left the network, too, including Hollywood Handbook, an early and prominent show that is now independent on Patreon, as well as Holmes’ show, Homophilia, which is now on World of Wonder. It’s become so apparent that the network is bleeding talent that its fan subreddit now has multiple threads wondering what happened inside the company and why shows left.

The answer is complicated. Though the brand, particularly Earwolf, was initially a beacon for comedy talent with minimal pressure around numbers or performance, the broader audio industry has been shifting toward a scale where bigger and bigger hits are critical to staying afloat. Combined with the x-factors of a pandemic, a new corporate environment, and growing ways for shows to make it on their own without network support, the moment was right for a talent reckoning.

“You either have to be very small or very big,” says a person familiar with Stitcher’s strategy at the time. “It’s really hard to exist in the middle — and we were choosing to go big.”

A waveform that appears to be tipping over.

Stitcher’s problems started before the SiriusXM acquisition. In the year prior to the purchase, hosts at some of the network’s smaller shows began to feel like they were being overlooked in favor of bigger names, these former employees say.

These concerns came to a head in the month before the SiriusXM acquisition. In June 2020, during the height of the pandemic and prominent Black Lives Matter protests, more than 40 Earwolf hosts and creators sent a letter to management, which was viewed by The Verge, expressing concerns that Stitcher’s ad sales model disadvantaged smaller shows and failed to land them consistent revenue. This presented a problem because hosts receive a minimum guarantee and then make money off an ad share agreement. The sales team, the letter points out, only employed white team members, which multiple employees tell me led to incidents in which hosts of color felt especially under-served. 

Yo, Is This Racist?, a show in which co-hosts Andrew Ti and Tawny Newsome answer listeners’ voicemails and determine whether certain experiences are racist, came up multiple times throughout my reporting as a title the Earwolf team loved but that ended up leaving the network over lack of support. Ti tells me he and Newsome were asked to remove “racist” from the show’s title because it made ads harder to sell. He says the sales team told them some advertisers might think the show is “pro-racism.”

Hosts said Stitcher’s sales model “actively penalizes any medium or smaller shows”

“To us, what we heard was that just means you haven’t listened to the content and you’re aren’t making any effort to explain it to advertisers,” he says. A spokesperson for SiriusXM says a name change was never discussed at Stitcher, but the word “racist” was removed from “select sales materials” to prevent the show from being unfairly rejected by marketing filters. The show left the network and is now working with Gumball for ad sales instead.

The letter, signed by prominent hosts like Chris Gethard, Jason Mantzoukas, and Nicole Byer, demands answers for why ad revenue dropped or never thoroughly existed in the first place. 

“Your sales team has continually passed the buck to each of us, in order to hide their own ability to properly support our shows,” the letter says. “If this many of us are experiencing the same trend with ads, this is clearly a systemic issue beyond any individual show’s responsibility. We believe the entire Midroll model is only optimized to sell for its top shows, and in addition to that, actively penalizes any medium or smaller shows.”

A person familiar with Stitcher’s finances tells me that direct response advertisers — traditional podcast brands that offer promo codes — stopped spending money during the early pandemic, effectively cratering smaller shows’ revenue and fueling the host uprising.

“There wasn’t something we could do that would just suddenly make the shows make more money, and some of the things they suggested, while well-intentioned, were just impossible,” they say.

Still, the company responded by committing additional revenue guarantees for some affected shows and dedicating “six figures” in marketing dollars to smaller shows, this source says. It also hired a woman of color to a prominent role on the sales team, though she left less than a year later.

An illustration of three people stepping out of a pair of headphones with the contents of their desks packed up in boxes.

It was during this time that SiriusXM finalized its deal to acquire Stitcher.

SiriusXM executives knew they needed to invest in the company’s future, a person familiar with discussions says, but they didn’t have a fully baked podcasting plan. The company only knew that it needed a “shot in the arm in the podcasting division.” 

“When you’re having this incredible cash machine that’s built to do one thing really, really well and then you see something on the horizon that suggests that that is going to come to an end, you’re going to have 20 different opinions about the right thing to do,” the person says. 

Would podcasting at SiriusXM be an ad sales business or a subscription one? Would the SiriusXM subscription matter most, and should a new business be built around podcasting? What type of talent would be best to sell ads against, anyway? “The approach was, ‘Yeah, let’s do all that,’” they say.

Stitcher employees first heard about the acquisition through the press, setting off a domino effect of bad vibes and mistrust, according to the former employees and hosts. Stitcher management, they say, didn’t comment on the rumors and delayed all-hands meetings to discuss it, only to then host one confirming the sale without much detail. Employees say CEO Diehn told them the deal was indeed happening and that they were all employable, making some worry they might lose their jobs, though SiriusXM tells The Verge it extended offers to bring everyone on once the acquisition closed. When they joined SiriusXM, employees had to adjust to a wholly new company in a pandemic. Everything happened virtually. 

“I was shocked by how uncurious people were there about how we had succeeded in podcasting.”

“It came in probably the most uncertain time, and piling on more uncertainty about your job — and a job that a lot of people in this industry feel so connected to — creates a lot of psychic tension,” says a former employee.

SiriusXM seemingly bought Stitcher for its ad business or to expand its “pre-eminent position in digital audio advertising,” per the press release announcing the deal’s closing. It also gained subscription revenue from Stitcher Premium, the company’s bonus content offering, which had between 130,000 and 140,000 subscribers at the time of sale, according to a person familiar with the product.

Expectations about the purchase ranged among the employees I spoke to. Some received raises — others didn’t. Some expected investments in their shows to increase, only to be let down and watch their favorite programs leave. Broadly, employees say they felt disempowered and uninspired when having to run decisions up through SiriusXM’s bureaucratic ladder.

“It shifted from an excitement and a ‘Hey, with your scale and our special sauce, we can make this thing really great’ to ‘Oh, you guys are so small you don’t really understand how any of this works, so just quiet down and follow our lead,’” says a former employee. 

“I was shocked by how uncurious people were there about how we had succeeded in podcasting or how we did what we did,” another says. 

An illustration of a suited hand squeezing the air out of a microphone.

That knowledge gap made Stitcher employees — experts in the podcast industry — feel like they walked into a company that didn’t want or need their help, despite evidence to the contrary. Various employees say they had to educate the SiriusXM team on what made a good podcast. The SiriusXM team mainly suggested adopting various SiriusXM shows, and one employee says they had to explain that an RSS feed being live “didn’t mean that there was anything playing in it right now, like they don’t understand the difference between radio and podcasts.”

A former sales team member says Stitcher never allowed advertisers to pre-approve the actual audio of a host read — only the ad copy they’d receive — but SiriusXM at times made pre-approval part of the process, which they say turned into a communication nightmare. Another person says cross-promoting shows with other networks, a standard podcast marketing move, became difficult because SiriusXM implemented a minimum ad spend, straining relationships with podcasting partners who were used to paying hundreds of dollars for an ad spot, not thousands. Stitcher’s marketing was also used to buying ads on Spotify for promotion but was told to “never spend another dime in Spotify again” once they joined SiriusXM.

“It just got to a point where some days it was so much and like I would just literally sit there and just bang my head against my desk, like this is insane,” says one former employee. A spokesperson for SiriusXM says it is “not our policy” to allow pre-approval of host-read ads and that its marketing team is allowed to purchase ads through Spotify’s Megaphone.

The culture fit wasn’t right, either, these former employees say. Multiple people pointed to a survey SiriusXM’s HR team asked them to complete about how things were going and the town hall held in response. Employees had raised concerns about diversity within the company but were told in response that they couldn’t have diversity issues because the company employed a female CEO.

“I have been called out in numerous meetings for saying ‘Spotify.’”

The company also routinely hated on its competition rather than reflecting on why those products were working. “Spotify is the devil to SiriusXM,” says one former employee. The enemy offered a rallying point for the team, which another former employee called a “boomer business mentality, like a toxic business mindset.” (“This view and that language doesn’t reflect that of SiriusXM,” says a spokesperson for the company.)

“I have been called out in numerous meetings for saying ‘Spotify,’” another former employee says. “I’ll be like, ‘Oh, yeah, I was listening to that in Spotify,’ and a legacy Pandorian will unmute and be like, ‘What is that?’”

At the same time, executives didn’t seem to have a full picture of its podcast competitors. During one all-hands meeting, for example, DJ Khaled joined as a special guest because he apparently loves Pandora — but Khaled also hosts a podcast on Amazon Music. The moment emphasized to at least one person on the Stitcher podcast team that the company didn’t know the space well.

Content strategy remained a point of confusion, too. At one point, SiriusXM decided to go after fiction podcasts, says a former employee, only to tell its team around three months later to stop pursuing that strategy. Months after that, SiriusXM invested in Audio Up, a company designed to make scripted shows — making its internal team look like they didn’t know what they were talking about to external partners. A spokesperson for SiriusXM says work on original fiction podcasts continues inside the company.

“When we came to SiriusXM, we were promised that SiriusXM would let us do what we want,” they say. “In fact, our deals are by far worse now than they were before. By worse, I mean laughable amounts of money.”

In an email to The Verge, SiriusXM’s SVP of communications, Patrick Reilly, characterized the findings of our reporting as being typical of the challenges facing any corporate acquisition, with staff and executive turnover, transitions to the company’s preferred systems and technologies, and meetings to address employees’ concerns.

“While there are always challenges following an acquisition, SiriusXM and Stitcher leadership worked together to make sure the transition went as smoothly as possible,” Reilly says. “Many of the concerns addressed in this story predated the acquisition, and were quickly handled once the company joined SiriusXM.”

Stitcher’s staff has grown by 25 percent since the acquisition closed, Reilly says, and the company continues to “support emerging creators, at Stitcher and throughout SiriusXM.” He cited SiriusXM’s acquisition of 99% Invisible, its exclusivity deal with YMH Studios, and advertising arrangements with popular shows including New Rory & Mal and Last Podcast on the Left.

Those exclusive ad-sales and distribution deals are part of SiriusXM’s podcasting strategy, he says, as was bringing on a team of experts. “One of the reasons we acquired Stitcher is their industry-leading expertise in podcasting,” Reilly says.

A waveform that appears to be tipping over.

Earwolf was already changing in the years before the acquisition. The network had started to prioritize larger shows, like Office Ladies (from The Office stars Jenna Fischer and Angela Kinsey) or Conan O’Brien Needs a Friend, over the small comedy series the network built its name on.

Since the acquisition, employees say that’s accelerated. Multiple smaller shows — including Culture Kings, Off Book: The Improvised Musical, and Spanish Aquí — have left or ended their runs, while Earwolf has continued to focus on big names like Seth Rogen, who launched a podcast last October. SiriusXM tells The Verge that Rogen’s show exceeded 3 million downloads across its nine-episode first season and that a second season is in the works.

“It feels closer to Spotify or something else where they’re hit hunting,” says one host. “It doesn’t really feel like it has an identity as a comedy network that supports artists in the same way,” says another.

“Podcasting now you have to compete with all these giant celebrities”

Compounded with the messy integration of the two companies, employees at Stitcher started heading for the door. At least one left on the spot with no notice. Another tweeted that they were dismissed after making a TikTok about quitting. 

Some employees did stick around and seemingly thrived, some former employees say. One calls SiriusXM’s approach “pure corporate Darwinism,” where the people who could make the corporate system work for them did, and the ones who couldn’t left. Some shows and hosts, like Scheer, say nothing has changed on their end — they still talk to the same person at Earwolf and keep making their show as usual.

SiriusXM is not alone in having these issues. Spotify struggled to integrate and support its own studios as well. Business Insider reported last year on shows from Gimlet Media, which Spotify purchased in 2019, lagging behind Spotify’s other networks; Gimlet also had a very public confrontation with racial disparities in its studio. Then in January, Spotify shut down its homegrown production studio, which sources said at the time had never been given a clear direction.

These acquisitions also arrived at a time of upheaval for the podcasting industry. Creators — particularly those with small, loyal fanbases — now have more options. They can go to Patreon or, like Earwolf founder Aukerman, launch subscription offerings through new partners. (Aukerman worked with Acast to launch Comedy Bang! Bang! World in October last year, which offers ad-free and bonus content.)

Scheer says in 2014, when he launched the now-defunct Earwolf sub-network Wolfpop, he and the team told shows they’d need 40,000 weekly listeners to be successful. “That number has gone up and up and up,” he says, adding that he now believes any show needs over 100,000 listeners per week to make money. This is why smaller shows with dedicated audiences might have better success on Patreon, charging their fans directly.

“It’s an easier way to monetize your listeners,” Scheer says. “Whereas podcasting now you have to compete with all these giant celebrities and all these people out there that are doing these really big, flashy shows.”

Most employees and hosts at Stitcher seem to understand that the podcast industry has shifted and that Earwolf’s early energy likely couldn’t last. Quitting the job today means logging off Zoom forever, not taking one last stroll past the wall of Vans sneakers. Spoken word audio is now a fundamental part of multiple deep-pocketed companies that need podcasts to survive — free laughs won’t pay the bills.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify reportedly paid $200 million for Joe Rogan’s podcast]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/17/22939587/joe-rogan-experience-spotify-podcast-deal 2022-02-17T16:03:14-05:00 2022-02-17T16:03:14-05:00

Spotify reportedly paid Joe Rogan at least $200 million to commit to podcasting on the platform exclusively for three and a half years, according to a New York Times report. That number, while astronomical, is double what had previously been reported in The Wall Street Journal as Rogan’s deal price — $100 million — and has continued to be used widely in the media without correction from Spotify’s team.

This news comes after a volatile month for the audio company and one in which musicians, podcasters, employees, and the medical community scrutinized the company’s work with the controversial podcaster. In January, a group of medical community members penned a letter to the company asking it to remove a Rogan episode they said peddled COVID-19 misinformation. Musician Neil Young read that letter and subsequently pulled his catalog from the platform in response.

“I am doing this because Spotify is spreading fake information about vaccines — potentially causing death to those who believe the disinformation being spread by them,” he wrote. “Please act on this immediately today and keep me informed of the time schedule.”

Since then, inside Spotify, CEO Daniel Ek issued multiple statements about his reluctance to moderate Rogan’s show beyond its platform rules, which were only made public after Young and others pulled their music.

However, Rogan’s show then became controversial for reasons beyond COVID-19. In a separate viral video, Rogan is documented using the n-word multiple times. After that video surfaced, 70 episodes were mysteriously removed with no reason provided. Rogan later apologized for using the slur and also making a racist joke, but Spotify never commented publicly. In a leaked memo, however, Ek confirmed that the company did talk to Rogan and his team, and Rogan decided to remove the episodes. Ek also said the company would commit $100 million to creators from historically marginalized groups. As Verge contributing editor Casey Newton points out on Twitter, that amount seemed to be equal to what Spotify paid Rogan — but now, it looks to be only half as much.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify wants to beat YouTube at audio]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/17/22939137/spotify-google-youtube-podsights-chartable-acquisitions 2022-02-17T12:22:24-05:00 2022-02-17T12:22:24-05:00

This story originally ran in Hot Pod, The Verge’s preeminent audio industry newsletter. You can subscribe here for more scoops, analysis, and reporting.

Spotify announced yesterday its acquisition of Podsights and Chartable, two companies known for tracking pixels that allow marketers, advertisers, and podcasters to measure the success of their shows. This is a big deal, to state the obvious, if for no other reason than if podcasters have avoided Spotify’s podcast world up until now, well, they’re probably going to have to start engaging. Both these platforms are critical to the space to show advertisers that their marketing is being heard and acted upon and that podcast ads are effective and worthy of a budget.  

As for its plans, Spotify says it’ll bring Podsights’ tech to its “audio ads within music, video ads, and display ads.” In both a post on its website and an interview with Podsights CEO Sean Creely, the team emphasizes that nothing is changing in the immediate future, and Spotify will only enhance its tech. Chartable’s fate seems less clear. Its tech will be integrated into Megaphone, specifically its marketing tech like SmartPromos and SmartLinks. The company’s blog post doesn’t mention what will happen to the full team. 

I want to note a couple things. One is that this purchase puts Spotify in a powerful position to know exactly how shows perform, even those not hosted on its own platform or consumed on its app, and that’s going to likely present a dilemma for big networks. Do they build their own trackers? Do they trust Spotify to protect their data from Spotify’s own publishing teams as Podsights says it will? Then there’s the open question of how much Spotify will lock this tech down to its own platform. For what it’s worth — and a pain point I’ve heard from various folks in the industry — Anchor, Spotify’s other hosting and creation platform, has never allowed for tracking pixels. I imagine that might change. 

Now, in a worst-case scenario, Spotify could require podcasters to host on its platforms in order to attribute ads — not ideal for someone like Amazon, which owns a hosting platform. Spotify spokeswoman Erin Styles tells me Chartable’s tools will only be available to people who have a Megaphone account, but they do not need to be paying customers, so we can see a slight hint of this already. On the flip side, there’s also the possibility Spotify sees opportunity — and money — in catering to advertisers widely, regardless of where listens come from or where shows are hosted. I’m not sure how this pans out!

But I also read this news in a different way: these purchases set Spotify up to better compete with YouTube, specifically YouTube’s analytics. I’m thinking a lot about YouTube lately because we’ll have a panel on it at Hot Pod Summit, and one thing video publishers enjoy about YouTube — and wish would apply to solely audio on the platform — is AdSense, as well as the comprehensive analytics the platform provides. (There’s an entire 5-minute video dedicated to just navigating its analytics dashboard!) These analytics mean someone uploading a video gets broader data about who watched it, including their age and gender, as well as granular info like what exact moments best held the audience’s attention. 

YouTube, I believe, is Spotify’s primary competitor. We can see this in Spotify’s product priorities — it built video podcasts into its platform, courted YouTube podcasters (i.e., Rogan and others), and launched Anchor in an attempt to bring creators to its app. CEO Daniel Ek says the company’s mission is to have 50 million creators on Spotify. To accomplish that goal, it needs not only a way for them to make money (quality, dependable programmatic ads) but also robust analytics, which Podsights and Chartable can help provide.

Yesterday, I logged onto Spotify and saw this on my homepage:

Pure video content that, when I click through, shows me a description in which Rowena literally says she makes videos on “personal development and productivity on YouTube.” (Emphasis my own.) The move to sync audio and video together on one app is already happening, and it’s on Spotify, not YouTube.

Now, I’ve wondered in this newsletter what YouTube could do in the podcast space. YouTube already has programmatic ads for anyone who wants them (something Spotify is trying to make happen); YouTube already, without even trying, is a popular place for people to consume podcasts (a space Spotify is trying to dominate); and YouTube already offers robust analytics about who is watching and how (again, an area Spotify wants to own). Critically, YouTube also has loads of data on users’ behavior because of Google essentially being synonymous with everything we do online, like emailing and browsing. It doesn’t have to worry about Apple not allowing cross-app tracking, like Facebook or Spotify might.

YouTube hired Kai Chuk last year to oversee podcasts on the platform — the first person to take on that role — and also made background listening free for Canadian YouTube Music users. Both of these could arguably been seen as indicators of Google’s growing interest in the space, though I should caveat and say it doesn’t ensure any meaningful changes will result, in which case, all the better for Spotify. 

So yes, this purchase, as always, is about giving Spotify a larger piece of the podcasting world. It wants to be the biggest and best place to buy and distribute audio ads, and this acquisition helps it get there. The question is whether it can become that place before YouTube lets people upload solely audio to its platform and, because of its size, clouds out Spotify’s ambitions.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify is acquiring two major podcast tech platforms]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/16/22937826/spotify-podsights-chartable-acquisitions-podcast-marketing-platforms 2022-02-16T16:09:01-05:00 2022-02-16T16:09:01-05:00

Spotify is making more podcast acquisitions. The company announced today it’s acquiring both Chartable and Podsights — two of the most prominent podcast marketing and ad attribution companies. The deal price hasn’t been disclosed, but this marks the first major acquisition the company has made this year in a long line of audio purchases.

Both Podsights and Chartable allow podcasters and networks to include tags in their shows that are used to track who listened, if they heard an ad, and whether they took action upon hearing it. Spotify says it plans to use Podsights’ technology outside podcasting and will bring it to the “full scope of the Spotify platform, including audio ads within music, video ads, and display ads.” The Chartable acquisition appears to be more directed toward podcasters themselves rather than advertisers, particularly because of its technology like SmartLinks.

“These tools will make it easier for publishers to turn audience insights into action and expand their listenership while ultimately growing their businesses,” Spotify writes.

This deal is particularly critical for the company as it tries to make its ad platform the best and most powerful in audio. If it wants everyone to purchase ads through its marketplace, then it needs technology to better figure out who’s listening to those ads and what they’re doing after hearing them. At the same time, marketing analytics are critical for show creators who want to ensure they’re spending their budgets well. This deal helps both creators and advertisers, two groups Spotify needs and wants to court.

Spotify has been on a podcasting acquisition spree in recent years, spanning across advertising technology, audiobooks, and top creative talent. Last year, the company bought Whooshkaa, Podz, Findaway, and Locker Room to offer and promote more spoken audio content, which followed its purchase of the major podcast ad platform Megaphone in late 2020. At the same time, Spotify has been scooping up major talent and shows to run ads on, including Joe Rogan’s podcast, as well as Gimlet, Parcast, and The Ringer.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify’s COVID problems are bigger than Joe Rogan]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/15/22934779/spotify-covid-vaccine-music-moderation-hot-pod 2022-02-15T10:31:15-05:00 2022-02-15T10:31:15-05:00

Wow, we’re already mid-way through February, and Hot Pod Summit is next week. It’s been a marathon over here, not including my Love Is Blind binge time. Today, we have various stories all connected around the idea of money — making and spending it. Let’s get right to it.

This week’s Rogan check-in

Though Hurricane Rogan has mostly passed over, related stories continue to trickle out. The first comes from The Guardian, which reports that multiple Spotify playlists pushed listeners to anti-vaccine music after they had already listened to similar content. The songs “encourage people not to get vaccinated and say those who do are ‘slaves,’ ‘sheep,’ and victims of Satan,” the publication says. “Others call for an uprising, urging listeners to ‘fight for your life.’” 

Many songs were easy to find by searching “vaccine” and “mask,” and one user who listened to an anti-vaccine song received a “personalized playlist directing them to even more extreme songs. Of the 50 songs in that playlist, 19 included explicit references to anti-vaccine and COVID misinformation, including claims the vaccine is being used to microchip people.”

The company says it removed this music after The Guardian reached out because the songs promoted “dangerous, false, or deceptive content about COVID-19” that could threaten public health.

This story interests me because it again raises the question of how Spotify detected the supposed “over 20,000 podcast episodes” it says it removed over COVID statements. In this case, yes, we’re talking about music, but we could reasonably assume that whatever mass moderation effort is happening in spoken word content could happen for songs, too. We have no idea how Spotify’s moderation works, and the company doesn’t seem interested to share, so for now, its main line of defense appears to be media reports. That’s not great for a company whose ambitions are along the lines of becoming the next YouTube and recruiting tens of millions of podcasters to its platform.

I’ll also just point out that The Guardian’s distinction between an algorithmically generated music playlist and Spotify’s star podcaster being paid to make exclusive content is important. The algorithm promoting songs is potentially what we’re more interested in because software often amplifies and distributes content, and so far, that hasn’t been as much of an issue in the podcast world. (I’m sure that’s a spoiler alert for, like, a year from now.)

Next in Rogan land, one of my pals and former podcast co-host Kaitlyn Tiffany wrote in The Atlantic about the idea of podcasts once existing in relative privacy and conversations now being scrutinized as show archives become a landmine of regrettable and sometimes shocking comments. Don’t get too cozy in front of the mic! 

“As the business grows up, and as more reporters or agitators invest the time in poring over all this content, the days of podcasting without consequences will be numbered,” she writes. 

She also points out that moderating — or even just listening — to all these podcasts is a full-time job, particularly for reporters. She notes podcasts often lack transcripts, which I, once again, fail to understand. If not for accessibility sake, then make them available for transparency! But something tells me a written record of everything a controversial podcast host has said doesn’t make for good business. Now I’m the one getting conspiratorial.

Money moves

We now enter the money section of the newsletter, starting with Acast’s earnings. Acast says it made around $119 million last year and has 40,000 shows on its platform. It also says it had more than a billion listens across its network last quarter. I don’t have too much to add here other than I’ll continue to watch Acast and am particularly curious how its play for scale goes when it’s competing against SiriusXM, iHeart, and others for ad sales deals, especially now that everyone is trying to sign them consistently and spending lots to do so.

Maybe making ad sales massive won’t be as difficult with more advertisers entering the space, however, which Magellan says is happening in its latest quarterly benchmark report. The company says podcast ad spend increased 14 percent quarter over quarter while over 2,200 brands ran audio ads for the first time during Q4. The team also says ad time ticked up slightly during shows, with podcasters dedicating an average of 5.98 percent of their time to them — another trend we’re watching as companies try to recoup their money back from splashy, expensive deals. (Will this be the radio all over again?)

One advertiser who doesn’t show up in Magellan’s report but continues to spend in podcasting is Squarespace, which The New York Times profiled ahead of its Super Bowl ad this weekend. Among some of the little tidbits is that Squarespace paid $100,000 to be the sole advertiser on Marc Maron’s Barack Obama interview episode in 2015. Midroll employees also reportedly met because higher-ups were concerned that Squarespace accounted for one-third of revenue. Dax Shepard is also quoted as saying he thought Squarespace ads helped “legitimize his show,” and he knows the ads by heart. “It’s a party trick.” 

 

Enjoying this story? Hot Pod is a newsletter from The Verge that delivers news, analysis, and opinions on the audio industry written by Ashley Carman. The weekly Tuesday issue is free, and you can subscribe to two additional Hot Pod Insider newsletters per week for $7 / month or $70 / year.

The piece touches on the idea that podcast customer conversion rates are higher than web ads or ads on social media, and it says Rogan specifically yields bonkers returns for the company. To bring it full circle, this is why we likely won’t see a YouTube adpocalypse of sorts on Rogan or against Spotify — advertisers know what they get from him, which is lots of new customers.

Finally, Amazon and Spotify are reportedly considering acquiring Audioboom, though these offers could also “fail to materialize,” per Sky News. The company says it made $60.2 million last year, and its shows are downloaded 116 million times every month by 32 million unique listeners. I’m not entirely clear what Spotify or Megaphone would gain from this acquisition, given that both already acquired hosting / monetization services in Megaphone and Art19, respectively, as well as studios to make content. I can see this being worthwhile to them if they want to bulk up their ad inventory quickly, which Spotify might want to do, or to just take a company off the market because they can easily afford to do so. As always, I’m here for your thoughts and feelings!


That’s all for today, folks. I’ll be back Thursday, with Aria here Friday. See ya then!


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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Amazon Music signs an exclusive deal with How I Built This]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/10/22927550/amazon-music-guy-raz-wondery-how-i-built-this 2022-02-10T14:07:09-05:00 2022-02-10T14:07:09-05:00

Amazon Music has signed an exclusive deal with NPR to distribute Guy Raz’s How I Built This podcast a week before any other platform starting in March. The show will be produced twice weekly, an increase from its once-a-week cadence, and available early through Amazon Music and Wondery Plus. After that one-week window, the episodes will be released widely both on podcast platforms and radio stations. Wondery will also receive the exclusive ad sales rights and YouTube distribution rights, while NPR will maintain the radio distribution rights and underwriting.

In an internal memo to NPR staff obtained by The Verge, Anya Grundmann, SVP of programming, and John Lansing, CEO and president, write that the deal is the “first of its kind for NPR” and “takes advantage of a dynamic moment in the podcast space, helping us reach new digital audiences through Amazon’s platforms and marketing efforts, and creating guaranteed revenue to further our mission.” They write that ad space will be carved out for NPR’s promotional spots and that the deal “provides guaranteed funding for three years.” (This is presumably the length of the deal.)

“We are grateful to Guy and the phenomenal team behind HIBT for the chance to explore this new business opportunity that will expand the reach and visibility of a key show and also allow us to continue to invest in and support our mission,” they write.

This deal mimics others from Amazon. It signed similar weeklong exclusivity arrangements with SmartLess and My Favorite Murder. This is in contrast to Spotify’s strategy to sign wholly exclusive deals like the ones we’ve seen with Call Her Daddy and The Joe Rogan Experience. Although Amazon Music seemingly wants to recruit new subscribers to its platform, the ad sales arrangement is just as critical, particularly given the purchase of Art19, a podcast hosting and monetization service.

Amazon likely sees the benefit in expanding shows’ reach to sell more ads, an area where the company is increasingly making money. (During an earnings call this month, the company broke advertising into a line of its own and said it made $31 billion last year.) It’s unclear how much revenue Amazon potentially sees as a possibility for podcasts, but having big shows that command more money under its purview will help it get more advertisers interested in the space and purchasing inventory.

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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify’s CEO mistakes company growth for a mission statement]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/8/22923525/spotify-daniel-ek-mission-statement-talent-recruitment 2022-02-08T11:58:01-05:00 2022-02-08T11:58:01-05:00

This story originally ran in Hot Pod, The Verge’s preeminent audio industry newsletter. You can subscribe here for more scoops, analysis, and reporting.

Let’s pick up with the news last week that Spotify hosted an internal town hall during which CEO Daniel Ek addressed his staff around the world. I obtained the audio from that meeting, and you can read the transcript in full here. (Over the weekend, there was also a second twist in the Rogan story involving a viral video of the comedian using the n-word many times. You can read all about that here and Spotify’s response here. And then my take here. Links, we got ‘em.)

Today, though, I want to focus on Ek’s message to his employees, some of whom have concerns about Spotify’s choice to license Rogan’s content. Keep in mind that Spotify pays $100 million for the programming and is financially incentivized to promote Rogan’s show to make back its investment through ad revenue. This is an especially troubling decision for some of the company’s trans and Black employees, as well as its science reporters. 

Throughout his speech, Ek emphasized the need for Rogan. The company had no leverage in negotiations with hardware partners like Google and Amazon, he said, and it needed exclusives to keep its service on their platforms. 

 

Do you have more to say about what’s happening at Spotify? Reach out to me at ashley.carman@theverge.com or through Twitter DM @ashleyrcarman. You can also always use SecureDrop or Signal to securely send messages and files to The Verge without revealing your identity.

Ek then directly related Rogan to Spotify’s “mission” to reach 1 billion users and bring 50 million creators to its platform. I quote the word mission specifically because we’ve talked a lot about the idea of mission in audio lately, particularly as it relates to recruiting and retaining talent. So let me first be clear about this: company growth isn’t a mission. It’s an understood reality of being part of a corporate machine, but it’s not a beating heart mission that inspires employees, particularly creatives, who want to get paid to make cool things and inform the world.

Still, Ek seemingly can’t understand why his employees wouldn’t be able to both reckon with whatever feelings they have about Rogan while also accepting that to become the biggest audio app, they need Rogan and must accept him. 

“If we limit these divisive topics [like religion and politics], top creators will leave, and users deprived of the choice in content would flee from our platform and seek other alternatives,” he said. “And this, of course, would mean that we would never achieve our mission.”

Now, the last time I wrote at length about mission and its relation to talent acquisition was when NPR lost multiple hosts seemingly back to back. 

Maria Hinojosa of Futuro Media specifically mentioned NPR’s mission statement — to “create a more informed public” — to me as a way for the public media organization to not only retain people but to also point to as a north star for its content and goals. (Granted, there are other things that need to happen, too, including giving people creative freedom and compensating them more, but the mission can add to a compelling pitch.) 

Spotify’s Silicon Valley growth mindset above all else is where I see potential for podcasting organizations to compete. Selling coveted hosts, reporters, producers, editors, and others on taking a job not only means offering fair compensation but also providing an ideal to uphold. Spotify might think its growth idea is empowering — and maybe it is for the employees who prize their stock options above all — but I think this rhetoric will lead to talent loss across the organization. (And committing $100 million to content made by people from historically marginalized groups as an apology doesn’t sub in as a real mission, either.)

Maybe by this time next week, we’ll have yet more Rogan news to share — new clips will surface, or new podcasters and musicians will pull their content — but I’m watching the employees. How do they feel about what Ek is selling, and will they be speaking up? How will recruitment fare?

These are still open questions, but if I was a podcast organization competing against Spotify for talent, its “mission” is the weak spot.


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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify is more confused about Joe Rogan than ever]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/7/22921608/spotify-joe-rogan-moderation-guidelines-episode-deletion 2022-02-07T14:13:59-05:00 2022-02-07T14:13:59-05:00

The Joe Rogan situation at Spotify keeps getting more confused. 

As the situation has evolved, so has the company’s treatment of its star podcaster. One day, it says it’s a hands-off platform that treats all creators the same. The next, it admits to having backdoor discussions with Rogan and pulling episodes due to outrage over language used on the show. The whiplash undermines Spotify’s narrative about how it interacts with Rogan and other podcasters and offers a window into the delicate relationship between Rogan and the company that depends on him to stay differentiated. Let’s dive into where things aren’t lining up.

Spotify has reiterated multiple times now that it considers itself merely a platform for podcasts — despite paying Rogan a reported $100 million to distribute his show. That Spotify wants to believe Rogan is an audio creator like any other has been a constant refrain since Neil Young and other musicians pulled their music from the platform nearly two weeks ago over their belief that Rogan and his guests spread COVID-19 misinformation.

Spotify responded to that controversy by saying that it would only take moderation actions against content that violated its rules — rules that were not public until The Verge first reported on them, and then which Spotify itself published days later.

That Spotify was paying $100 million to exclusively distribute The Joe Rogan Experience should not change anything, according to CEO Daniel Ek, who directly addressed that relationship in an internal town hall last week:

“Even though JRE is an exclusive, it is licensed content,” Ek said in remarks obtained by The Verge. “It is important to note that we do not have creative control over Joe Rogan’s content. We don’t approve his guests in advance, and just like any other creator, we get his content when he publishes, and then we review it, and if it violates our policies, we take the appropriate enforcement actions.”

Ek was also clear that Rogan was critical to the company’s success, telling employees that the Spotify catalog wasn’t differentiated from rivals and that signing exclusives like Rogan gave the company leverage in negotiations with Amazon, Google, and Tesla. Signing Rogan helped turn Spotify into the number one podcasting app in the US, he noted.

At this point, Spotify’s position seemed to be clear: Rogan was critically important to Spotify’s success, and he would be allowed to say whatever he wanted, so long as it fit within the bounds of Spotify’s moderation rules. Dustee Jenkins, Spotify’s head of global communications and public relations, affirmed to Spotify employees that Rogan would be treated like any other creator under those rules: “We apply our policies consistently and objectively,” she wrote in a note to staff seen by The Verge.

On the company’s February 3rd earnings call, Ek was clear that the rules were the rules and Spotify would not “change our policies based on one creator nor do we change it based on any media cycle or calls from anyone else.”

Then the next Joe Rogan media cycle arrived.

Musician India Arie pulled her music from the platform last week over Rogan’s repeated use of the n-word and shared a viral video montage of Rogan using the racial slur on his podcast — a montage that had originally been made in January of 2020. In stark contrast to how it handled Young and Joni Mitchell protesting COVID misinformation, Spotify quickly stepped in.

Spotify’s public content rules don’t appear to prohibit the use of the n-word. Here’s the most relevant section on what’s prohibited:

“Content that incites violence or hatred towards a person or group of people based on race, religion, gender identity or expression, sex, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, veteran status, age, disability or other characteristics associated with systemic discrimination or marginalization includes, but may not be limited to:

praising, supporting, or calling for violence against a person or group of people based on the characteristics listed above

dehumanizing statements about a person or group based on the protected characteristics listed above

promoting or glorifying hate groups and their associated images, and/or symbols”

Rogan’s use of the n-word does not appear to fall into any of these categories. Based on Spotify’s own statements about how it applies its rules, the episodes using that language should stay live, as they have been for over a year. And they certainly shouldn’t come down because of a “media cycle.”

But on Friday, episodes of JRE began to disappear, joining prior removed episodes. Spotify has now removed more than 100 episodes, according to JREMissing.com.

This happened after Ek and the team discussed removing episodes with Rogan, according to an internal memo viewed by The Verge. In it, Ek states again that he believes Spotify is a neutral platform, even as he engages in content-shaping behavior.

Ek says Spotify staffers spoke with Rogan about “some of the content in his show, including his history of using some racially insensitive language” and following these chats “and his own reflections,” Ek says Rogan “chose to remove a number of episodes from Spotify.”

So: after a PR crisis, Spotify reached out to Rogan and got him to agree to remove episodes of his show from the platform. Ek’s memo also says the company will now dedicate $100 million to licensing and marketing content made by creators from historically marginalized communities — a move the company has not actually announced officially but clearly wants credit for.

At the same time, former guests on Rogan’s show are upset, pointing to Spotify as an example of broader conspiracy theories around government censorship, cancel culture, and more. Michael Malice and Kyle Kulinski have since tweeted, as has Tim Dillon, Whitney Cummings, Lex Fridman, and others.

Spotify wants it every way: to be considered a mere platform when it comes to COVID misinformation but to get the credit for being an engaged and responsible participant when it comes to racist language. The result is confused actions, confused messaging, and confused creators.

Spotify employees, if you have any clarity on what’s happening behind the scenes or thoughts to share, I’m at ashley.carman@theverge.com and on Twitter, where you can DM for my Signal.

The company did not respond to a request for comment.


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Ashley Carman <![CDATA[Spotify CEO Daniel Ek confirms removal of Joe Rogan episodes after n-word video resurfaces]]> https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/6/22921203/spotify-joe-rogan-episode-removal-internal-memo 2022-02-06T22:21:43-05:00 2022-02-06T22:21:43-05:00

Spotify CEO Daniel Ek addressed staff in a late night memo addressing Joe Rogan’s use of the n-word and the mysterious removal of 70 podcast episodes earlier this week. The total number of deleted Joe Rogan Experience episodes is now 113, according to the website jremissing.com.

“Not only are some of Joe Rogan’s comments incredibly hurtful — I want to make clear that they do not represent the values of this company,” Ek writes in the memo, which The Verge obtained. “I know this situation leaves many of you feeling drained, frustrated and unheard.”

He goes on to say Spotify spoke with Rogan and his team about “some of the content in his show, including his history of using some racially insensitive language.” Following these chats “and his own reflections,” Ek says Rogan “chose to remove a number of episodes from Spotify.”

Ek also says that although he “strongly condemns” Rogan’s words, he does not believe “silencing Joe is the answer.”

“We should have clear lines around content and take action when they are crossed, but cancelling voices is a slippery slope,” he writes. “Looking at the issue more broadly, it’s critical thinking and open debate that powers real and necessary progress.”

 

Do you have more to say about what’s happening at Spotify? Reach out to me at ashley.carman@theverge.com or through Twitter DM @ashleyrcarman. You can also always use SecureDrop or Signal to securely send messages and files to The Verge without revealing your identity.

He reiterates that he believes Spotify is a platform, not a publisher, but acknowledges employees and others might think otherwise given its licensing agreement with Rogan. (Ek made a similar point in a company town hall last week.)

Ek then says he’s committing $100 million — the same amount reportedly paid to exclusively distribute Rogan’s show — to licensing, developing, and marketing music and other audio content by creators from historically marginalized groups. He also says the company is expanding the number of outside experts it consults on how to balance user safety and “creator expression” and will share more details.

Rogan himself apologized yesterday for using the n-word and for making a racist joke in which he compared being in an area with many Black people to being in Planet of the Apes.

This latest Rogan controversy started when Neil Young removed his music from the platform to protest Rogan’s skepticism of COVID-19 vaccines; Spotify responded to that issue by promising to place informational labels on any podcast content that discusses COVID, but otherwise insisted it is only a platform and will not take further action.


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